Screening Methods
There are tests to screen for both invasive breast cancer and osteoporosis. Talk to your healthcare professional about when you should first begin screening, and how often to repeat these tests. Click on each section to find the latest methods and recommendations for taking action.
Screening for Osteoporosis
Getting the proper tests in order to correctly diagnose osteoporosis is important. These tests may also help predict your chances of developing osteoporosis in the future. If necessary, your healthcare professional can use this information to plan the best course of treatment for you.
- X-ray: If your back has been hurting, if you have lost height or your posture has changed, your healthcare professional may order an x-ray of your spine. An x-ray is a test that can produce an image of the bones or organs of the body and thus can be used to find out if you have broken any of the bones in the spine, which are called vertebrae. However, an x-ray is not as accurate as a bone mineral density test in determining bone mass. X-rays can only detect bone loss after 30% of your skeleton has already been depleted.
- Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Test: The most common test for osteoporosis is the DXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry), which your healthcare professional may call a "bone mineral density" test or "bone scan." This is a painless, specialized x-ray that measures whether you are losing bone in your hip and spine.
DXA measures your bone mineral density and compares it to the average score of a "young normal" healthy adult. Your result, called a "T-score," reflects how far off your bone mineral density is from that of an average healthy adult. Scores are measured in negative points, which indicate your risk for breaking a bone.BMD tests can:
*Although these definitions are needed to diagnose osteoporosis, they should not be used alone to determine treatment.- Detect low bone density before a fracture occurs
- Confirm a diagnosis of osteoporosis if you have already broken a bone
- Help predict your chances of a future fracture
- Help determine your rate of bone loss
Screening for Breast Cancer
There is no certain way to predict who will get breast cancer, so it is important to get regular screening to help detect any cancer at the earliest possible stage. The goal of screening is to find cancers when they are small and localized because early detection increases the chances that treatment will work. Below are recommended exams for all women past menopause.
- Breast Self-Exam (BSE): This is something you should do at least once every month. Your healthcare professional can show you how to examine your own breasts, and you'll learn to recognize any changes as you become familiar with the feel of your breast tissue. Contact your healthcare professional if you notice unusual changes such as:
- Lump or thickening in the breast, underarm or nearby
- Nipple tenderness or discharge, or a nipple that turns inward into the breast
- Change in the size or shape of the breast
- Red, swollen, dimpled, or scaly skin on the breast or nipple
- Pain or other symptoms that don't go away
- Clinical Breast Exam: At your regular check-up, your healthcare professional will feel for lumps in the entire breast, underarm and collarbone area, and look for visual changes like a rash or differences in size and shape of the breasts and/or nipples. They may also check for a nipple discharge. The American Cancer Society recommends having this exam every 3 years before age 40, and every year after that.
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Mammogram: This is a low-dose x-ray of the breasts that can detect abnormalities of the breast including invasive breast cancer while the tumor is still too small to feel with a clinical or self-exam. The American Cancer Society recommends getting a mammogram every year beginning at age 40. Getting one regularly is especially important for women over the age of 50.
Depending on your individual risk factors, your healthcare professional may recommend more frequent screening, or additional tests.























